Abstract Purpose of Review Skeletal muscle and bone are connected anatomically and
physiologically, and play a crucial role in human locomotion and metabolism. Historically …

Exercise perturbs homeostasis, alters the levels of circulating mediators and hormones, and
increases the demand by skeletal muscles and other vital organs for energy substrates …

Bone is a metabolically active tissue that renews itself throughout one's life. Cytokines along
with several hormonal, nutritional, and growth factors are involved in tightly regulated bone …

Background Osteoporosis and postmenopausal bone loss pose a huge social and
economic burden worldwide. Regular exercise and physical activity are effective …

The increasing ageing of our societies is accompanied by a pandemic of obesity and related
cardiometabolic disorders. Progressive dysfunction of the white adipose tissue is …

Purpose The present review critically evaluates existing literature on the effects of short-and
long-term low energy availability (EA) on bone metabolism and health in physically active …

Besides the classical ones (support/protection, hematopoiesis, storage for calcium, and
phosphate) multiple roles emerged for bone tissue, definitively making it an organ …

Bone and muscle tissues influence each other through the integration of mechanical and
biochemical signals, giving rise to bone–muscle crosstalk. They are also known to secrete …

Physical inactivity has been recognized, by the World Health Organization as the fourth
cause of death (5.5% worldwide). On the contrary, physical activity (PA) has been …

• Nutritional status, and acute nutrient intake, can moderate the bone metabolic response to
exercise.• Appropriate use of biomarkers has the potential to progress knowledge on the …