Odorant‐binding proteins (OBPs) and chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are regarded as
carriers of pheromones and odorants in insect chemoreception. These proteins are typically …

The survival of insects depends on their ability to detect molecules present in their
environment. Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) form a family of proteins involved in …

Honey bees can be found all around the world and fulfill key pollination roles within their
natural ecosystems, as well as in agriculture. Most species are typically docile, and most …

Venom (toxins) is an important trait evolved along the evolutionary tree of animals. Our
knowledges on venoms, such as their origins and loss, the biological relevance and the …

Nature has provided many drugs capable of treating and alleviating human diseases.
Terrestrial plants, bacteria, insects, fungi, and bee products have played major roles in …

Nematocytes, the stinging cells of cnidarians, are the most evolutionarily ancient venom
apparatus. These nanosyringe-like weaponry systems reach pressures of approximately …

Honey is a unique natural product produced by European honeybees. Due to its high
economic value, honey is considered to be well characterized chemically, and it is often …

Bee venom is a mixture of several components with proven therapeutic benefits, among
which are anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and various cardiovascular conditions. In this work …

Animal venoms are renowned for their toxicity, biochemical complexity, and as a source of
compounds with potential applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. Polypeptides …

During oviposition, ectoparasitoid wasps not only inject their eggs but also a complex
mixture of proteins and peptides (venom) in order to regulate the host physiology to benefit …