The light sensor of vertebrate scotopic (low-light) vision, rhodopsin, is a G-protein-coupled
receptor comprising a polypeptide chain with bound chromophore, 11-cis-retinal, that …

Organic molecules as well as metal complexes may exist as several geometric isomers1
which display distinct physical properties and chemical reactivities. A molecule containing …

Ultraviolet (UV) light occupies the spectral range of wavelengths slightly shorter than those
visible to humans. Because of its shorter wavelength, it is more energetic (and potentially …

Phototransduction is the process by which light triggers an electrical signal in a
photoreceptor cell. Image-forming vision in vertebrates is mediated by two types of …

Birds are highly visual animals with complex visual systems. In this article, we discuss the
spectral characteristics and genetic mechanisms of the spectral tuning of avian visual …

The second edition of this best-selling handbook is bigger, more comprehensive, and now
completely current. In addition to thorough updates to the discussions featured in the first …

purpose. To test the hypothesis that Nrl−/− photoreceptors are cones, by comparing them
with WT rods and cones using morphological, molecular, histochemical, and …

Vision begins with photoisomerization of visual pigments. Thermal energy can complement
photon energy to drive photoisomerization, but it also triggers spontaneous pigment …

The excited states of the three retinal proteins, bovine rhodopsin (Rh), bacteriorhodopsin
(bR), and sensory rhodopsin II (sRII) were studied using the symmetry-adapted cluster …

Invertebrates are sensitive to a broad spectrum of light that ranges from UV to red. Color
sensitivity in the UV plays an important role in foraging, navigation, and mate selection in …