Epilepsy is a neurologicaldisorder characterized by persistent predisposition to recurrent
seizurescaused by abnormal neuronal activity in the brain. Epileptic seizures maydevelop …

This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …

The role of the gut microbiota in health and disease is becoming increasingly recognized.
The microbiota–gut–brain axis is a bi-directional pathway between the brain and the …

Upon receipt in the dorsal horn (DH) of the spinal cord, nociceptive (pain-signalling)
information from the viscera, skin and other organs is subject to extensive processing by a …

None of the proposed mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) fully explains the distribution
patterns of the neuropathological changes at the cellular and regional levels, and their …

Histamine is a transmitter in the nervous system and a signaling molecule in the gut, the
skin, and the immune system. Histaminergic neurons in mammalian brain are located …

The histaminergic system in the brain is a phylogenetically old group of neurons that project
to most of the central nervous system. It holds a key position in the regulation of basic body …

Fear is an adaptive component of the acute “stress” response to potentially-dangerous
(external and internal) stimuli which threaten to perturb homeostasis. However, when …

Histamine, acting via distinct histamine H1, H2, H3, and H4 receptors, regulates various
physiological and pathological processes, including pain. In the last two decades, there has …

Bilateral olfactory bulbectomy results in changes in behavior, and in the endocrine, immune
and neurotransmitter systems, that simulates many of those seen in patients with major …