Photosynthesis sustains plant life on earth and is indispensable for plant growth and
development. Factors such as unfavorable environmental conditions, stress regulatory …

Phytohormones act as chemical messengers and, under a complex regulation, allow plants
to sustain biotic and abiotic stresses. Thus, phytohormones are known for their regulatory …

Plants as sessile organisms are continuously exposed to abiotic stress conditions that
impose numerous detrimental effects and cause tremendous loss of yield. Abiotic stresses …

Copper (Cu) is an abundant essential micronutrient element in various rocks and minerals
and is required for a variety of metabolic processes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes …

Rht‐B1b and Rht‐D1b, the 'Green Revolution'(GR) genes, greatly improved yield potential of
wheat under nitrogen fertilizer application, but reduced coleoptile length, seedling vigor and …

Plants wield and arsenal of structurally diverse chemical compounds called secondary
metabolites, which equip them strategies to deter enemies, fend off pathogens, supersede …

The seedlings of wheat were grown in the presence of CdCl2 (500 or 1000μM Cd), were
applied with 500μM of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or 500μM salicylic acid (SA) as seed …

Salicylic acid (SA) and gibberellins (GAs), as two important plant growth hormones, play a
key role in increasing plant tolerance to abiotic stress. They contribute to the increased plant …

Nitric oxide (NO) is a hormone that connects numerous reactions in plant cells under normal
and environmental stress conditions. The application of 100 µM NO as sodium nitroprusside …

Drought stress (DS) is a major environmental factor limiting plant growth and crop
productivity worldwide. It has been established that exogenous spermidine (Spd) stimulates …