Restriction-modification (RM) systems are ubiquitous and are often considered primitive
immune systems in bacteria. Their diversity and prevalence across the prokaryotic kingdom …

Prokaryotic DNA contains three types of methylation: N6-methyladenine, N4-methylcytosine
and 5-methylcytosine. The lack of tools to analyse the frequency and distribution of …

The amount of bacterial and archaeal genome sequence and methylome data has greatly
increased over the last decade, enabling new insights into the functional roles of DNA …

One of the simplest classes of genes involved in programmed death is that containing the
toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems of prokaryotes. These systems are composed of an intracellular …

Helicobacter pylori is a spiral-shaped Gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the human
stomach and can establish a long-term infection of the gastric mucosa, a condition that …

The discovery of antibiotics in the last century is considered one of the most important
achievements in the history of medicine. Antibiotic usage has significantly reduced morbidity …

DNA tandem repeats (TRs), also designated as satellite DNA, are inter-or intragenic
nucleotide sequences that are repeated two or more times in a head-to-tail manner …

Human-adapted bacterial pathogens use a mechanism called phase variation to randomly
switch the expression of individual genes to generate a phenotypically diverse population to …

The rampant use of antibiotics in animal husbandry, farming and clinical disease treatment
has led to a significant issue with pathogen resistance worldwide over the past decades …

DNA methylation is known as a universal mechanism of epigenetic regulation in all
kingdoms of life. Particularly, given that prokaryotes lack key elements such as histones and …