Vegetation composition shifts, and in particular, shrub expansion across the Arctic tundra
are some of the most important and widely observed responses of high-latitude ecosystems …

As the Arctic warms, vegetation is responding, and satellite measures indicate widespread
greening at high latitudes. This 'greening of the Arctic'is among the world's most important …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Chapter 2, building on prior assessments, provides a global assessment of the observed
impacts and projected risks of climate change to terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems …

High-elevation trees cannot always reach the thermal treeline, the potential upper range
limit set by growing-season temperature. But delineation of the realized upper range limit of …

Executive summary Land and climate interact in complex ways through changes in forcing
and multiple biophysical and biogeochemical feedbacks across different spatial and …

In the past several decades, field studies have shown that woody plants can access
substantial volumes of water from the pores and fractures of bedrock,–. If, like soil moisture …

Land change is a cause and consequence of global environmental change,. Changes in
land use and land cover considerably alter the Earth's energy balance and biogeochemical …

As a nature‐based and cost‐effective solution, forestation plays a crucial role in combating
global warming, biodiversity collapse, environmental degradation, and global well‐being …

Lightning is an indicator and a driver of climate change. Here, using satellite observations of
lightning flash rate and ERA5 reanalysis, we find that the spatial pattern of summer lightning …