The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major functional barrier in the central nervous system
(CNS), and inhibits the extravasation of intravascular contents and transports various …

Elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor for neurodegeneration in
glaucoma. Glial cells, which play an important role in normal functioning of retinal neurons …

Two principal theories for the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) have
been described—a mechanical and a vascular theory. Both have been defended by various …

The integrity of blood–brain‐barrier (BBB) is essential for normal brain functions, synaptic
remodeling, and angiogenesis. BBB disruption is a common pathology during Parkinson's …

Mitochondria are increasingly recognized as central players in the life and death of cells and
especially of neurons. The energy-dependence of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and their …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated as by-products of cellular metabolism,
primarily in the mitochondria. Although ROS are essential participants in cell signaling and …

Purpose Glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness in humans, affecting 2% of the
population. This disorder can be classified into various types including primary, secondary …

Glaucoma is a complex neurodegenerative disorder that is expected to affect 80 million
people by the end of this decade. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the most affected cell …

The retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the output cells of the retina into the brain. In
mammals, these cells are not able to regenerate their axons after optic nerve injury, leaving …

Nitric oxide (NO) is widely recognized to be quite an important intercellular messenger in the
cardiovascular and nervous systems or immunological reactions, including that in the eye …