The kynurenine pathway (KP) plays a critical role in generating cellular energy in the form of
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Because energy requirements are substantially …

Since the phantom limb sensation was first described by the French military surgeon
Ambroise Pare in the 16th century, the number of studies surrounding phantom limb pain …

Mechanism-based classification of pain has been advocated widely to aid tailoring of
interventions for individuals experiencing persistent musculoskeletal pain. Three pain …

Objectives: Improvements in pain management might be achieved by matching treatment to
underlying mechanisms for pain persistence. Many authors argue for a mechanism-based …

The relatively high efficacy of opioids, which have associated risks of addiction, tolerance,
and dependence, for the management of acute and terminal pain has been a major driver of …

Pain can trigger central amplification called central sensitization, which ultimately results in
hyperalgesia and/or allodynia. Many reports have showed acupuncture has an analgesic …

Chronic pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that persists or recurs
more than three months and may extend beyond the expected time of healing. Recently …

Background There is growing evidence that the kynurenine pathway is involved in the
pathology of diseases related to the central nervous system (CNS), because of the …

Background: The pathophysiology of fibromyalgia includes central and peripheral factors.
Neurotro-phins, such as nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, are …

Descending controls link higher processing of noxious signals to modulation of spinal cord
responses to their noxious inputs. It has become possible to study one key inhibitory system …