Central nervous system (CNS) innate immunity plays essential roles in infections,
neurodegenerative diseases, and brain or spinal cord injuries. Astrocytes and microglia are …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of fatality and disability worldwide.
Despite its high prevalence, effective treatment strategies for TBI are limited. Traumatic brain …

Background Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severely disabling disease that leads to
loss of sensation, motor, and autonomic function. As exosomes have great potential in …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune receptors that are expressed in immune cells
as well as glia and neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems. They are best …

Background: Sepsis, a serious condition with high mortality, usually causes sepsis
associated encephalopathy (SAE) that involves neuronal cell death. However, the cell death …

The spleen contributes importantly to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury.
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 …

Cerebral ischemia may cause irreversible neural network damage and result in functional
deficits. Targeting neuronal repair after stroke potentiates the formation of new connections …

The spinal cord is the main pathway connecting brain and peripheral nervous system. Its
functionality relies on the orchestrated activity of both neurons and glial cells. To date, most …

Background The recruitment of immune system cells into the central nervous system (CNS)
has a profound effect on the outcomes of injury and disease. Glia-derived chemoattractants …

Introduction Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) causes devastating morbidity and mortality, and
studies have shown that the toxic components of hematomas play key roles in brain damage …