We review evidence for climate change over the past several millennia from instrumental
and high‐resolution climate “proxy” data sources and climate modeling studies. We focus on …

This report is the first complete assessment of the science of climate change since Working
Group I (WGI) of the IPCC produced its second report Climate Change 1995: The Science of …

Observed climate change and variability (for definitions, see the IPCC Glossary, Appendix I)
are considered in this chapter by addressing seven commonly asked questions related to …

Over 70,000 samples from the 3029‐m‐long Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) ice core
drilled on the top of the Greenland Ice Sheet (Summit) have been analyzed for δ8O. A highly …

Four previously known ash layers (Ash Zones I and II, Saksunarvatn and the Settlement
layer) all originating in Iceland, have been identified in the Central Greenland ice core GRIP …

Greenhouse gases, global warming, thinning ozone layers—understanding the Earth's
climatic changes is one of today's most pressing international concerns. How fast has the …

Since 1980 the electrical conductivity method (ECM) has been used to infer volcanic acid
signals in Greenland ice cores. The method reveals the great majority of major volcanic …

Sulphate, which is one the major ions present in polar ice, has been extensively studied in
ice cores since about fifteen years. More recently, a few studies of sulphate concentrations in …

Measurements of light carboxylic acids (formate, HCOO−; acetate, CH3COO−; glycolate,
C2H3O3−; and oxalate, C2O4−−) were performed along Summit (central Greenland) ice …

The potential of stable isotope ratios (2H/1H and 18O/160) of water as a modern tool for
palaeoclimatic reconstructions on continents is reviewed. Examples of stable isotope …