Poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are chemically and thermally stable,
hydrophobic, lipophobic compounds used in stain repellants and water and oil surfactants …

Nanoparticle titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) is a white pigment widely used in foods,
sunscreens, and other cosmetic products. However, it remains unclear whether exposure to …

Abstract C60 fullerene (C60), or buckminsterfullerene, is a spherical arrangement of 60
carbon atoms, having a diameter of approximately 1 nm, and is produced naturally as a by …

Sodium metavanadate (NaVO3) is a pentavalent vanadium compound used in the metal
industry and dietary supplements; human exposure occurs through inhalation of fumes and …

Black cohosh extracts (BCE; Actaea racemosa) are being used worldwide as an alternative
to hormone replacement therapy for the management of menstrual and menopausal …

Tungsten is a naturally occurring, high-tensile strength element that has been used in a
number of consumer products. Tungsten has been detected in soil, waterways, groundwater …

We previously demonstrated that particulate matter≤ 2.5 μm (PM2. 5) suppresses the
immune response in the spleen in vivo. Although PM2. 5 includes the polycyclic aromatic …

Dioxins are highly potent exogenous ligands of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), which are
known to exert immunotoxic effects through AHR. The canonical AHR toxicity pathway is that …

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic pollutants having various adverse
effects on the marine ecosystem. Because of their low solubility in the marine environment …

The pleiotropic cytokine IL-1 mediates its biological functions via association with the
signaling receptor IL-1R1. These may include initiation of innate immunity as well as …