In human addicts, drug relapse and craving are often provoked by stress. Since 1995, this
clinical scenario has been studied using a rat model of stress-induced reinstatement of drug …

High rates of relapse to drug use during abstinence is a defining feature of drug addiction. In
abstinent drug users, drug relapse is often precipitated by acute exposure to the self …

Background and rationale Results from many clinical studies suggest that drug relapse and
craving are often provoked by acute exposure to the self-administered drug or related drugs …

Rationale: The notion that stress leads to drug abuse in vulnerable individuals and relapse
in addicts is not new. Most major theories of addiction postulate that stress plays an …

Rational and objectives. The reinstatement model is currently used in many laboratories to
investigate mechanisms underlying relapse to drug seeking. Here, we review briefly the …

Drug addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder characterized by compulsion to seek and
take drugs and has been linked to dysregulation of brain regions that mediate reward and …

Stress is a complex experience that carries both aversive and motivating properties. Chronic
stress causes an increase in the risk of depression, is well known to increase relapse of drug …

Stress is a complex human experience having both positive and negative motivational
properties. When chronic and uncontrollable, the adverse effects of stress on human health …

The objective of this article is to review data from studies that used a reinstatement model in
rats to elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking …

Evidence that psychoactive substance use disorders, bulimia nervosa, pathological
gambling, and sexual addiction share an underlying biopsychological process is …