Redox reactions play important roles in almost all biological processes, including
photosynthesis and respiration, which are two essential energy processes that sustain all life …

Nitrite is one of the players in the broad nitrogen biogeochemical cycle. This nitrogen oxo-
anion is involved in key pathways crucial to life on Earth and to the planetary “recycling” of …

Mammalian xanthine oxidoreductases, which catalyze the last two steps in the formation of
urate, are synthesized as the dehydrogenase form xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) but can …

The homodimeric nickel-containing CO dehydrogenase from the anaerobic bacterium
Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans catalyzes the oxidation of CO to CO2. A crystal …

Redox potentials are a major contributor in controlling the electron transfer (ET) rates and
thus regulating the ET processes in the bioenergetics. To maximize the efficiency of the ET …

The anaerobic bacterium Dehalococcoides ethenogenes is the only known organism that
can completely dechlorinate tetrachloroethene or trichloroethene (TCE) to ethene via …

Definition Metal ions play several major roles in proteins: structural, regulatory, and
enzymatic. The binding of some metal ions increase stability of proteins or protein domains …

CO dehydrogenase from the aerobic bacterium Oligotropha carboxidovorans catalyzes the
oxidation of CO with H2O, yielding CO2, two electrons, and two H+. Its crystal structure in the …

Fe-S cluster, the nonheme-iron cofactor essential for the activity of many proteins, is
incorporated into its target protein by an unknown mechanism. In Escherichia coli, genes in …

MATERIALS AND METHODS Strains and Cell Growth-Escherichia coli strain MG1655
served as the wild type. Rich media were LB or Terrific broth. Minimal media were generally …