Health financing policies are marked by confusion between policy tools and policy
objectives, especially in low and middle income countries. This paper attempts to address …

Health systems played a key role in the dramatic rise in global life expectancy that occurred
during the 20th century, and have continued to contribute enormously to the improvement of …

In the two decades since the fall of the Berlin Wall, former communist countries in Europe
have pursued wide-ranging changes to their health systems. We describe three key aspects …

There is considerable evidence that unofficial payments are deeply embedded in the
markets for health care in transition countries. Numerous surveys indicate that these …

This new edition examines the economics of health care systems in a non-technical manner.
It is written in a highly accessible manner for economists and non-economists alike. It is very …

Most countries of the Former Soviet Union (FSU) have either initiated or are contemplating
reform of the health sector. With negative real income growth and falling government …

Focusing on the gap between democratic ideals and performance, three European
academics study the common experience and even more common perception of the corrupt …

This paper reports on income generation practices among civil servants in the health sector,
with a particular emphasis on dual practice. It first approaches the subject of public–private …

Introduction: Throughout the 1990s, in response to funding deficits, out-of-pocket payment
has grown as a share of total expenditure in countries in transition. A clear policy response …

A number of low and middle income countries (LMICs) are considering social health
insurance (SHI) for adoption into their social and economic environment or striving to sustain …