BACKGROUND The incidence of diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) has been rising worldwide
because of improvements in diagnostic techniques and improved access to care in countries …

The immune system plays a major part in neurodegenerative diseases. In some, such as
multiple sclerosis, it is the primary driver of the disease. In others, such as Alzheimer …

T cells are present in early stages of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2) infection and play a major role in disease outcome and long-lasting …

Emerging evidence suggests that dysregulation of neuroinflammation, particularly that
orchestrated by microglia, plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease …

Oral administration of antigen induces regulatory T cells (Treg) that can not only control local
immune responses in the small intestine, but also traffic to the central immune system to …

Specific anti-CD3 treatment is deemed to be a promising therapy for allograft rejection and
type 1 diabetes (T1D). Fc receptor (FcR) reduced-binding antibodies, by avoiding adverse …

Mammalian T-cell responses require synergism between the first signal and co-stimulatory
signal. However, whether and how dual signaling regulates the T-cell response in early …

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an evolving class of biopharmaceuticals, with
advancements evident across various stages of their development. While discovery, mAb …

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that is caused by autoreactive T cell-
mediated destruction of insulin-producing β cells in the pancreatic islets. Although naive …