Drug consumption is driven by a drug's pharmacological effects, which are experienced as
rewarding, and is influenced by genetic, developmental, and psychosocial factors that …

Summary Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its sibling, cannabidiol (CBD), are produced
by the same Cannabis plant and have similar chemical structures but differ dramatically in …

Brain endocannabinoid (eCB) signalling influences the motivation for natural rewards (such
as palatable food, sexual activity and social interaction) and modulates the rewarding effects …

Dopamine (DA) transmission is governed by processes that regulate release from axonal
boutons in the forebrain and the somatodendritic compartment in midbrain, and by …

Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons are proposed to signal reward prediction error (RPE), a
fundamental parameter in associative learning models. This RPE hypothesis provides a …

The fundamental principle that unites addictive drugs appears to be that each enhances
synaptic dopamine by means that dissociate it from normal behavioral control, so that they …

The endocannabinoid system is known to have positive effects on depression partly through
its actions on neurotrophins, such as Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). As BDNF is …

Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) has been used for over 20 years to study rapid
neurotransmission in awake and behaving animals. These experiments were first carried out …

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are secreted by neurons and relay messages to target
cells. The goal of in vivo electrochemistry is to provide a real-time view of neurotransmitters …

This review summarizes evidence of dysregulated reward circuitry function in a range of
neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders and genetic syndromes. First, the …