Ketamine has been in clinical use for over half a century, yet its precise mechanisms of
action remain mysterious for the large part. Its hypnotic effects appear to be largely mediated …

Abstract N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are important in mediating excitatory
neurotransmission in the nervous system. They are preferentially inhibited by some general …

Ketamine has important anesthetic, analgesic, and psychotropic actions. It is widely believed
that NMDA receptor inhibition accounts for ketamine actions, but there remains a dearth of …

The basal ganglia are currently viewed as components of segregated corticosubcortical
reentrant circuits. One of these circuits, the” motor” circuit, is critically involved in the …

Background The neuronal mechanisms responsible for dissociative anesthesia remain
controversial. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are inhibited by ketamine and related …

Background There is limited understanding of cortical neurochemistry and cortical
connectivity during ketamine anaesthesia. We conducted a systematic study to investigate …

The roles of cells within the nervous system are based on their properties of excitability,
which are in part governed by voltage-gated ion channels. HCN channels underlie the …

Phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine are dissociative anesthetics capable of inducing
analgesia, psychomimetic behavior, and a catatonic state of unconsciousness. Despite …

Initiation of ketamine use often occurs in adolescence, yet little is known about long-term
consequences when use begins in this developmental period. The current experiments …

Background: The “dissociative” general anesthetic ketamine is a well-known N-methyl-d-
aspartate receptor antagonist. However, whether ketamine, at clinically relevant …