T-regulatory cells (Tregs) represent a unique subpopulation of helper T-cells by maintaining
immune equilibrium using various mechanisms. The role of T-cell receptors (TCR) in …

The immune system is composed of two subsystems—the innate immune system and the
adaptive immune system. The innate immune system is the first to respond to pathogens and …

The common cytokine receptor γ chain, γ c, is a component of the receptors for interleukin-2
(IL-2), IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21. Mutation of the gene encoding γ c results in X-linked …

Resolving the relationships between the major lineages in the animal tree of life is
necessary to understand the origin and evolution of key animal traits. Sponges …

Whole genome duplication (WGD) is a dramatic evolutionary event generating many new
genes and which may play a role in survival through mass extinctions. Paddlefish and …

The absence of germinal centers (GCs) in cartilaginous fishes lies at odds with data showing
that nurse sharks can produce robust antigen-specific responses and affinity mature their B …

Cytokines are pleiotropic polypeptides that control the development of and responses
mediated by immune cells. Cytokine classification predominantly relies on [1] the target …

Interferons orchestrate host antiviral responses in jawed vertebrates. They are categorized
into three classes; IFN1 and IFN3 are the primary antiviral cytokine lineages, while IFN2 …

Innate-like T cells display characteristics of both innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and
mainstream αβ T cells, leading to overlapping functions of innate-like T cells with both …

The neuronal and neuroendocrine peptides oxytocin (OT) and vasotocin (VT), including
vasopressins, have six cognate receptors encoded by six receptor subtype genes in jawed …