Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) affects hundreds of thousands of people worldwide,
reducing their quality of life and leading to death from respiratory failure within years of …

Oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS)
production and the endogenous antioxidant defense system, leading to cellular damage …

Type 2 immunity is characterized by the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, and this
immune response is commonly observed in tissues during allergic inflammation or infection …

Fibrosis is the abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix, which can lead to organ
dysfunction, morbidity, and death. The disease burden caused by fibrosis is substantial, and …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, fibrosing interstitial lung
disease, characterised by progressive scarring of the lung and associated with a high …

Systemic type 2 inflammation encompassing T helper 2 (TH2)-type responses is emerging
as a unifying feature of both classically defined allergic diseases, such as asthma, and a …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an interstitial lung disease characterised by chronic,
progressive scarring of the lungs and the pathological hallmark of usual interstitial …

Airway remodeling is generally quite broadly defined as any change in composition,
distribution, thickness, mass or volume and/or number of structural components observed in …

Monocytes are considered to be precursor cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system, and
macrophages are one of the leading members of this cellular system. Macrophages play …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common idiopathic interstitial pulmonary
disease with a median survival of 2–4 years after diagnosis. A significant number of IPF …