BACKGROUND Infertility is a major issue in human reproductive health, affecting an
estimated 15% of couples worldwide. Infertility can result from disorders of sex development …

Human type II germ cell tumours (GCTs) originate from an embryonic germ cell, either as a
primordial germ cell or gonocyte. This start determines the biological as well as clinical …

Existing outcomes for DSD individuals are inadequate because reports are based upon
information collected retrospectively. This paper is presented to review existing data …

Development of a malignant germ cell tumor, ie, germ cell cancer (GCC) in individuals with
disorders of sex development (DSD) depends on a number of (epi‐) genetic factors related …

During the past few decades there has been a significantly increasing trend in germ cell
tumours all over the world, particularly in countries with Caucasian populations. The …

Background It is recognised that individuals with a 45, X/46, XY karyotype, known as Turner
mosaic syndrome with Y chromosome material (TMSY), have an increased risk of …

Patients with Disorders of Sex Development (DSD), especially those with gonadal
dysgenesis and hypovirilization are at risk of developing malignant type II germ cell …

Disorders of sex development (DSDs) are congenital conditions in which chromosomal,
gonadal and sex is atypical. It is difficult to diagnose and manage patients with DSD in …

Male infertility is attributable to 60% of total infertility cases and about 30-50% of these cases
remain idiopathic. In the Middle East and North Africa region (MENA), male infertility affects …

In mammals, male sexual development is initiated by the expression of the Sex-determining-
Region-Y (SRY) gene. SRY contains a highly conserved High Mobility Group (HMG) box …