The Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are a family of transcription factors that play pivotal
roles in many aspects of the immune response, including immune cell development and …

Interferons (IFNs) are a broad class of cytokines elicited on challenge to the host defense
and are essential for mobilizing immune responses to pathogens. Divided into three classes …

Patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 exhibit low expression of interferon-stimulated
genes, contributing to a limited antiviral response. Uncovering the underlying mechanism of …

Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) refer to the breaking or generation of covalent
bonds on the backbones or amino acid side chains of proteins and expand the diversity of …

Cytosolic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) stimulates the production of type I interferon (IFN)
through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–resident adaptor protein STING (stimulator of IFN …

In response to viral infection, RIG-I-like RNA helicases bind to viral RNA and activate the
mitochondrial protein MAVS, which in turn activates the transcription factors IRF3 and NF-κB …

The TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is a serine/threonine kinase belonging to the non-
canonical inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (IκB) kinase (IKK) family. TBK1 can be activated by …

The mononuclear phagocytes control the body homeostasis through the involvement in
resolving tissue injury and further wound healing. Indeed, local tissue microenvironmental …

The interferon (IFN) system is an extremely powerful antiviral response that is capable of
controlling most, if not all, virus infections in the absence of adaptive immunity. However …

The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, consisting of nine members in mammals, was
identified in the late 1980s in the context of research into the type I interferon system …