Mitochondria are a main source of cellular energy. Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is
the major process of aerobic respiration. Enzyme complexes of the electron transport chain …

In clinical settings, oxygen therapy is administered to preterm neonates and to adults with
acute and chronic conditions such as COVID-19, pulmonary fibrosis, sepsis, cardiac arrest …

Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD), a common neurodegenerative disease, is typically
associated with the loss of dopaminergic neuron in the substantia nigra pars compacta …

Melatonin protects the electron transport chain (ETC) in multiple ways. It reduces levels of·
NO by downregulating inducible and inhibiting neuronal nitric oxide synthases (iNOS …

Purpose Photoreceptor degeneration occurs in various retinal diseases including age-
related macular degeneration (AMD), Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and diabetic retinopathy …

The brain and the retina share many physiological similarities, which allows the retina to
serve as a model of CNS disease and disorder. In instances of trauma, the eye can even …

The thioredoxin (Trx) system is a major antioxidant system for keeping the intracellular redox
state in almost all forms of life, including Trx, Trx reductase (TrxR) and NADPH. It regulates …

Thioredoxin (Txn) system is the most crucial antioxidant defense mechanism in cell
consisting of Txn, thioredoxin reductase (TR) and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide …

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disease in elderly humans,
is pathologically characterized by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Mitochondrial …

Over the last decade, three major advances have contributed in improving the response
rates against cancer including, immunotherapy; greater understanding of the molecular …