Phenotypic plasticity is widespread in nature, and often involves ecologically relevant
behavioral, physiological, morphological and life-historical traits. As a result, plasticity alters …

There is increasing attention for integrating mechanistic and functional approaches to the
study of (behavioural) development. As environments are mostly unstable, it is now often …

The Flexible Phenotype attempts a true synthesis of physiology, behaviour, and ecology by
developing an empirical argument that describes the intimate connections between …

When organisms encounter environments that are heterogeneous in time, phenotypic
plasticity is often favored by selection. The degree of such plasticity can vary during an …

Background Clonal marine organisms exhibit high levels of morphological variation.
Morphological differences may be a response to environmental factors but also they can be …

Phenotypic plasticity has been studied intensively in experimental settings but infrequently
in nature, and therefore the relevance of experimental findings is poorly known. This is …

Inducible defenses allow prey to modulate their phenotypic responses to the level of
predation risk in the environment and reduce the cost of constitutive defenses. Inherent in …

Populations of species that inhabit a range of environments frequently display divergent
morphologies that correlate with differences in ecological parameters. The velocity of water …

Barnes (1996). An endemic species of Pollicipes, P. caboverdensis, from Cape Verde
Islands, has since been described, joining the three previously known extant species (P …

For their size, barnacles possess the longest penis of any animal (up to eight times their
body length). However, as one of few sessile animals to copulate, they face a trade-off …