CRISPR-Cas, the bacterial and archaeal adaptive immunity systems, encompass a complex
machinery that integrates fragments of foreign nucleic acids, mostly from mobile genetic …

The discovery of CRISPR–Cas (clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats–
CRISPR-associated proteins) adaptive immune systems in prokaryotes has been one of the …

Bacterial abortive infection (Abi) systems are 'altruistic'cell death systems that are activated
by phage infection and limit viral replication, thereby providing protection to the bacterial …

Bacteriophages (phages) specifically infect bacteria and are the most abundant biological
entities on Earth. The constant exposure to phage infection imposes a strong selective …

Programmed cell death is a process known to have a crucial role in many aspects of
eukaryotes physiology and is clearly essential to their life. As a consequence, the underlying …

Throughout their life, bacteria need to sense and respond to environmental stress. Thus,
such stress responses can require dramatic cellular reprogramming, both at the …

One of the most pertinent recent outcomes of molecular microbiology efforts to understand
bacterial behavior is the discovery of a wide range of toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems that are …

The history of life is punctuated by evolutionary transitions which engender emergence of
new levels of biological organization that involves selection acting at increasingly complex …

Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are highly conserved in members of the Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (Mtb) complex and have been proposed to play an important role in physiology …

Nucleotide-activated effector deployment, prototyped by interferon-dependent immunity, is a
common mechanistic theme shared by immune systems of several animals and prokaryotes …