Neurodevelopmental programming—the implementation of the genetic and epigenetic
blueprints that guide and coordinate normal brain development—requires tight regulation of …

Many studies have examined effects of prenatal stress on pregnancy and fetal development,
especially on prematurity and birthweight, and more recently long-term effects on child …

The brain is the key organ of the response to stress because it determines what is
threatening and, therefore, potentially stressful, as well as the physiological and behavioral …

Maternal prenatal stress influences offspring neurodevelopment and birth outcomes
including the ratio of males to females born; however, there is limited understanding of what …

We review a significant body of evidence from independent prospective studies that if a
mother is stressed while pregnant, her child is substantially more likely to have emotional or …

Prenatal stress (PS) has been linked to abnormal cognitive, behavioral and psychosocial
outcomes in both animals and humans. Animal studies have clearly demonstrated PS effects …

A direct link between antenatal maternal mood and fetal behaviour, as observed by
ultrasound from 27 to 28 weeks of gestation onwards, is well established. Moreover, 14 …

This article describes the Life Course Health Development (LCHD) framework, which was
created to explain how health trajectories develop over an individual's lifetime and how this …

Although postnatal psychologic distress has been widely studied for many years, particularly
with a focus on postpartum depression, symptoms of maternal depression, stress, and …

Recent studies in humans suggest that alterations in the activity of the neuroendocrine
system mediate the effects of psychosocial stress on fetal development and birth outcome …