Sex-based disparities in immune responses are well known phenomena. The two most
important factors accounting for the sex-bias in immunity are genetics and sex hormones …

Abstract Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) coordinates a diverse array of cellular programs through
transcriptional regulation of immunologically relevant genes. This article reviews the current …

IL-17 is a proinflammatory cytokine that activates T cells and other immune cells to produce
a variety of cytokines, chemokines, and cell adhesion molecules. This cytokine is …

Although interleukin-18 is structurally homologous to IL-1 and its receptor belongs to the IL-
1R/Toll-like receptor (TLR) superfamily, its function is quite different from that of IL-1. IL-18 is …

Th17 and IL‐17 play important roles in the clearance of extracellular bacterial and fungal
infections. However, strong evidence also implicates the Th17 lineage in several …

Newer members of the B7‐CD28 superfamily include the receptor PD‐1 and its two ligands,
PD‐L1 and PD‐L2. Here, we characterize the expression of PD‐1, PD‐L1, and PD‐L2 in …

Apoptosis is likely to be the main form of beta-cell death in immune-mediated diabetes
mellitus in rodents and possibly in humans. Clarification of the regulation of beta-cell death …

IL-18 is a potent proinflammatory cytokine able to induce IFNγ, GM-CSF, TNFα and IL-1 in
immunocompetent cells, to activate killing by lymphocytes, and to up-regulate the …

Th17 cells are involved in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases, but it is not clear
whether they play a pathogenic role in type 1 diabetes. Here we investigated whether …

Susceptibility to type 1 diabetes is associated strongly with human leucocyte antigen (HLA)
genes, implicating T cells in disease pathogenesis. In humans, CD8 T cells predominantly …