Abstract Treatment resistance affects 20–60% of patients with psychiatric disorders; and is
associated with increased healthcare burden and costs up to ten-fold higher relative to …

Schizophrenia is a disorder with a heterogeneous etiology involving complex interplay
between genetic and environmental risk factors. The immune system is now known to play …

Mounting evidence shows that the complex gut microbial ecosystem in the human
gastrointestinal (GI) tract regulates the physiology of the central nervous system (CNS) via …

Neuroinflammation, particularly in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, is well-established in a
subset of people with schizophrenia, with significant increases in inflammatory markers …

The immune system is generally known to be the primary defense mechanism against
pathogens. Any pathological conditions are reflected in anomalies in the immune system …

Background Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder that includes positive and
negative symptoms but also debilitating cognitive deficits. Current pharmacological …

Although the precise pathogenesis of schizophrenia is unknown, genetic, biomarker and
imaging studies suggest involvement of the immune system. In this study, we performed a …

The kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan (TRP) catabolism links immune system
activation with neurotransmitter signaling. The KP metabolite kynurenic acid (KYNA) is …

An interaction between external stressors and intrinsic vulnerability is one of the longest
standing pathoaetiological explanations for schizophrenia. However, novel lines of evidence …

Elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines exist in both blood and brain of people with
schizophrenia but how this affects molecular indices of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is …