Antibodies serve as critical barriers to viral infection. Humoral immunity to a virus is achieved
through the dual role of antibodies in communicating the presence of invading pathogens in …

The recent emergence of a novel avian A/H 7 N 9 influenza virus in poultry and humans in C
hina, as well as laboratory studies on adaptation and transmission of avian A/H 5 N 1 …

Here we have generated 3D structures of glycoforms of the spike (S) glycoprotein from
SARS-CoV-2, based on reported 3D structures and glycomics data for the protein produced …

New vaccine platforms are needed to address the time gap between pathogen emergence
and vaccine licensure. RNA-based vaccines are an attractive candidate for this role: they are …

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope (Env) spike, comprising three
gp120 and three gp41 subunits, is a conformational machine that facilitates HIV-1 entry by …

The effectiveness of the annual influenza vaccine has declined in recent years, especially
for the H3N2 component, and is a concern for global public health. A major cause for this …

Executive summary Starting in 2010 the World Health Organization (WHO) has held a series
of regular informal consultations on improving the selection of influenza vaccine viruses. The …

The limited ability of current influenza virus vaccines to protect from antigenically drifted or
shifted viruses creates a public health problem that has led to the need to develop effective …

The seasonal human influenza A/H3N2 virus undergoes rapid evolution, which produces
significant year-to-year sequence turnover in the population of circulating strains. Adaptive …

Influenza A virions possess two surface glycoproteins—the hemagglutinin (HA) and
neuraminidase (NA)—which exert opposite functions. HA attaches virions to cells by binding …