Mitochondria are a main source of cellular energy. Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is
the major process of aerobic respiration. Enzyme complexes of the electron transport chain …

Mitochondria, far beyond their prominent role as cellular powerhouses, are complex cellular
organelles active as central metabolic hubs that are capable of integrating and controlling …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces pro-inflammatory polarization of astrocytes and causes
secondary disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and brain damage. Herein, we report a …

Astrocytes provide metabolic support to neurons, maintain ionic and water homeostasis, and
uptake and recycle neurotransmitters. After exposure to the prototypical PAMP …

Abstract Prohibitin 1 (PHB1) and prohibitin 2 (PHB2) are proteins that are nearly
ubiquitously expressed. They are localized in mitochondria, cytosol and cell nuclei. In the …

Spinal cord injuries impose a notably economic burden on society, mainly because of the
severe after-effects they cause. Despite the ongoing development of various therapies for …

Despite the protective nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and brain-protecting tissues,
some types of CNS injury or stress can cause cerebral cytokine production and profound …

The goal of neurocritical care is to prevent and reverse the pathologic cascades of
secondary brain injury by optimizing cerebral blood flow, oxygen supply and substrate …

Abstract Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is one endogenous metabolic molecule that
functions as a regulator in glucose and lipid homeostasis. However, the effect of FGF21 on L …

Clinical surgery can lead to severe neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunctions. It has
been reported that astrocytes mediate memory formation and postoperative cognitive …