Plaguing humans for more than two millennia, manifest on every continent studied, and with
more than one billion patients having an attack in any year, migraine stands as the sixth …

Sleep remains one of the most mysterious yet ubiquitous animal behaviors. We review
current perspectives on the neural systems that regulate sleep/wake states in mammals and …

This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …

We take for granted the ability to fall asleep or to snap out of sleep into wakefulness, but
these changes in behavioral state require specific switching mechanisms in the brain that …

Rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep correlates with neuronal activity in the brainstem, basal
forebrain and lateral hypothalamus. Lateral hypothalamus melanin-concentrating hormone …

During non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, synchronous synaptic activity in the
thalamocortical network generates predominantly low-frequency oscillations (< 4 Hz) that …

Acute and chronic injuries to the heart result in perturbation of intracellular calcium
signaling, which leads to pathological cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling …

Neurons containing melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) are codistributed with neurons
containing orexin (Orx or hypocretin) in the lateral hypothalamus, a peptide and region …

Melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) is a cyclic neuropeptide present in the hypothalamus
of all vertebrates. MCH is implicated in a number of behaviors but direct evidence is lacking …

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia characterized
by the loss of muscle atonia during paradoxical (REM) sleep (PS). Conversely, cataplexy …