Cognitively driven pupil modulations reflect certain underlying brain functions. What do
these reflections tell us? Here, we review findings that have identified key roles for three …

Pupillometry has long been used as a measure of brain state. Changes in pupil diameter are
thought to coincide with the activity of neuromodulators, including noradrenaline and …

Behavioral activities that require control over automatic routines typically feel effortful and
result in cognitive fatigue. Beyond subjective report, cognitive fatigue has been conceived as …

Cognitive pupillometry is the measurement of pupil size to investigate cognitive processes
such as attention, mental effort, working memory, and many others. Currently, there is no …

Arousal level changes constantly and it has a profound influence on performance during
everyday activities. Fluctuations in arousal are regulated by the autonomic nervous system …

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is widely used to treat drug-resistant epilepsy and
depression. While the precise mechanisms mediating its long-term therapeutic effects are …

During moments involving selective attention, the thalamus orchestrates the preferential
processing of prioritized information by coordinating rhythmic neural activity within a …

Transient variations in pupil size (PS) under constant luminance are coupled to rapid
changes in arousal state, 1–3 which have been interpreted as vigilance, 4 salience, 5 or a …

The ability to detect and correct action errors is paramount to safe and efficient goal‐directed
behaviors. Existing work on the neural underpinnings of error processing and post‐error …

Perceptual choices depend not only on the current sensory input but also on the behavioral
context, such as the history of one's own choices. Yet, it remains unknown how such history …