More than a million insects and approximately 11,000 vertebrates utilize flapping wings to
fly. However, flapping flight has only been studied in a few of these species, so many …

Power output is a unifying theme for bird flight and considerable progress has been
accomplished recently in measuring muscular, metabolic and aerodynamic power in birds …

Coincident with recent global warming, species have shifted their geographic distributions to
cooler environments, generally by moving along thermal axes to higher latitudes, higher …

The tempo of species diversification in large clades can reveal fundamental evolutionary
mechanisms that operate on large temporal and spatial scales [1–4]. Hummingbirds have …

We present an integrative model predicting associations among epiphytism, the tank habit,
entangling seeds, C 3 vs. CAM photosynthesis, avian pollinators, life in fertile, moist …

How biotic interactions, current and historical environment, and biogeographic barriers
determine community structure is a fundamental question in ecology and evolution …

Hummingbirds are an important model system in avian biology, but to date the group has
been the subject of remarkably few phylogenetic investigations. Here we present partitioned …

Hummingbirds are specialized for hovering flight, and substantial research has explored this
behavior. Forward flight is also important to hummingbirds, but the manner in which they …

Numerous physical parameters that influence insect physiology vary substantially with
altitude, including temperature, air density, and oxygen partial pressure. Here, we review …

The ecological co‐dependency between plants and hummingbirds is a classic example of a
mutualistic interaction: hummingbirds rely on floral nectar to fuel their rapid metabolisms …