Through advances in imaging and neuroimaging techniques, our knowledge of the
neuroanatomy and physiology of swallowing has increased dramatically over the last …

Background Intraoperative neuromonitoring has been established as one of the methods by
which modern neurosurgery can improve surgical results while reducing morbidity. Despite …

OBJECT The aim of this study was to enhance the planning and use of microsurgical
resection techniques for intrinsic brainstem lesions by better defining anatomical safe entry …

In this comprehensive, clinically directed, reference for the diagnosis and treatment of
persons with spinal cord injury and related disorders, editors of the two leading texts on …

Symptomatic brainstem cavernous malformations carry a high risk of permanent
neurological deficit related to recurrent hemorrhage, which justifies aggressive …

OBJECT Brainstem surgery remains a challenge for the neurosurgeon despite recent
improvements in neuroimaging, microsurgical techniques, and electrophysiological …

The brainstem is a critical structure that regulates vital autonomic functions, houses the
cranial nerves and their nuclei, relays motor and sensory information between the brain and …

Near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging can provide real‐time navigation for surgeons to
discriminate boundaries between lesions and healthy tissue, which serves as a promising …

BACKGROUND: The brainstem is one of the most challenging areas for the neurosurgeon
because of the limited space between gray matter nuclei and white matter pathways …

OBJECTIVE: To obtain information on functional integrity of the facial nerve by transcranial
electrical motor evoked potentials independent of nerve visualization and to improve …