Microneedle arrays (MNAs) are small patches containing hundreds of short projections that
deliver signals directly to dermal layers without causing pain. These technologies are of …

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of RNAs commonly found across eukaryotes and
viruses, characterized by their resistance to exonuclease-mediated degradation. Their …

By conferring systemic protection and durable benefits, cancer immunotherapies are
emerging as long-term solutions for cancer treatment. One such approach that is currently …

The efficacy of the dendritic cell (DC) has failed to meet expectations thus far, and crucial
problems such as the immature state of DCs, low targeting efficiency, insufficient number of …

Carrier-free naked mRNA vaccines may reduce the reactogenicity associated with delivery
carriers; however, their effectiveness against infectious diseases has been suboptimal. To …

We have developed a dual-antigen COVID-19 vaccine incorporating genes for a modified
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S-Fusion) and the viral nucleocapsid (N) protein with an …

Background: Nanotechnology has introduced valuable carriers for vaccine delivery. The
success of vaccination depends on many factors, such as the intact and safe presentation of …

Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) utilizing the TLR7 agonist imiquimod (IMQ-TCI) induces
T cell-driven protective immunity upon application onto intact skin. In our present work, we …

Among all the cancers, colorectal cancer (CRC) has the third mortality rank in both genders.
Cancer vaccines have shown promising results in boosting patients' immune systems to fight …

Injection of antigenic peptides has been widely used as a vaccine strategy to boost T cell
immunity. However, the poor immunogenicity of single peptides can potentially be …