The state of etiolation is generally defined by the presence of non-green plastids (etioplasts)
in plant tissues that would normally contain chloroplasts. In the commonly used dark-grown …

Throughout decades of plant research, the plant hormones known as auxins have been
found to be of vital importance in most plant development processes. Indole-3-acetic acid …

Chloroplasts are the site of numerous biochemical reactions including photosynthesis, but
they also produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that negatively affect chloroplast integrity …

In photosynthetic eukaryotes, thousands of proteins are translated in the cytosol and
imported into the chloroplast through the concerted action of two translocons—termed TOC …

Chloroplasts are photosynthetic plant organelles descended from a bacterial ancestor. The
vast majority of chloroplast proteins are synthesized in the cytosol and then imported into the …

Cellular protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is maintained through the balance between de
novo synthesis and proteolysis. The unfolded/misfolded protein response (UPR) that is …

Retrograde signals are signals that originate in organelles to regulate nuclear gene
expression. In plant cells, retrograde signaling from both chloroplasts and mitochondria is …

Chlorophyll (Chl)-mediated oxygenic photosynthesis sustains life on Earth. Greening leaves
play fundamental roles in plant growth and crop yield, correlating with the idea that more …

Fatty acids are synthesized in the stroma of plant and algal chloroplasts by the fatty acid
synthase complex. Newly synthesized fatty acids are then used to generate plastidial lipids …

Plastids perform many essential functions in plant metabolism including photosynthesis,
synthesis of metabolites, and stress signaling. The most prominent type in green leaves is …