Central nervous system (CNS) innate immunity plays essential roles in infections,
neurodegenerative diseases, and brain or spinal cord injuries. Astrocytes and microglia are …

Intestinal macrophages play a key role in the gut immune system and the regulation of
gastrointestinal physiology, including gut motility and secretion. Their ability to keep the gut …

The widespread use of combinational antiretroviral therapies (cART) in developed countries
has changed the course of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection from an almost …

HIV-associated sensory neuropathies (HIV-SN) are prevalent in> 50% of patients aged over
45 years many of which report moderate to severe chronic pain. Previous preclinical studies …

Gastrointestinal motility refers to the peristalsis and contractility of gastrointestinal muscles,
including the force and frequency of gastrointestinal muscle contraction. Gastrointestinal …

Despite advances in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), approximately
one-half of people infected with HIV (PWH) experience neurocognitive impairment. Opioid …

The HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) is a neurotoxin involved in the pathogenesis of
HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The neurotoxic effects of Tat are …

Poor antiretroviral penetration may contribute to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
persistence within the brain and to neurocognitive deficits in opiate abusers. To investigate …

Results: Intraepidermal nerve fibre density was significantly reduced after 6 weeks of Tat
induction, similar to sensory neuropathy seen in clinical HIV infection. Tat induction through …

Variety of HIV-1 viral proteins including HIV-1 Nef are known to activate astrocytes and
microglia in the brain and cause the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which is thought …