Non-specific low back pain affects people of all ages and is a leading contributor to disease
burden worldwide. Management guidelines endorse triage to identify the rare cases of low …

Background: A 2007 American College of Physicians guideline addressed pharmacologic
options for low back pain. New evidence and medications have now become available …

Description: The American College of Physicians (ACP) developed this guideline to present
the evidence and provide clinical recommendations on noninvasive treatment of low back …

Background & aims Musculoskeletal pain, the most common cause of disability globally, is
most frequently managed in primary care. People with musculoskeletal pain in different body …

Study Design. Method guideline for systematic reviews of trials of interventions for neck and
back pain, and related spinal disorders. Objective. To help authors design, conduct, and …

Background For many years, low back pain has been both the leading cause of days lost
from work and the leading indication for medical rehabilitation. The goal of the German …

Background Chronic pain is common and can be challenging to manage. Despite increased
utilisation of opioids, the safety and efficacy of long‐term use of these compounds for chronic …

Tramadol is a unique analgesic medication, available in variety of formulations, with both
monoaminergic reuptake inhibitory and opioid receptor agonist activity increasingly …

Importance Opioid analgesics are commonly used for low back pain, however, to our
knowledge there has been no systematic evaluation of the effect of opioid dose and use of …

Functional somatic syndromes (FSS), like irritable bowel syndrome or fibromyalgia and other
symptoms reflecting bodily distress, are common in practically all areas of medicine …