Polar sea ice is one of the largest ecosystems on Earth. The liquid brine fraction of the ice
matrix is home to a diverse array of organisms, ranging from tiny archaea to larger fish and …

Antarctica is not free from environmental pollutants although it is often perceived as the last
pristine continent on Earth. Research stations represent one of the largest forms of …

The extensive pack and fast ice that forms in both Antarctic and Arctic regions provides a
unique habitat for polar microbial assemblages (reviewed by Mock & Thomas, 2005). Algal …

Sea ice in the Arctic (16 million km2) and Antarctic (19 million km2) comprises one of the
largest ecosystems on Earth. Algal communities flourish within micro‐habitats that are …

Sea ice is a key habitat in the high latitude Southern Ocean and is predicted to change in its
extent, thickness and duration in coming decades. The sea-ice cover is instrumental in …

Basal melt of ice shelves is not only an important part of Antarctica's ice sheet mass budget,
but it is also the origin of platelet ice, one of the most distinctive types of sea ice. In many …

The reduction of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean, which has progressed more rapidly than
previously predicted, has the potential to cause multiple environmental stresses, including …

Proteorhodopsins (PRs) are widespread bacterial integral membrane proteins that function
as light-driven proton pumps. Antarctic sea ice supports a complex community of autotrophic …

The phytoplankton and sea ice algal communities at the end of winter in McMurdo Sound
were dominated by Fragilariopsis sublineata, with Thalassiosira antarctica, Melosira adele …

Ice-associated microalgae make a significant seasonal contribution to primary production
and biogeochemical cycling in polar regions. However, the distribution of algal cells is …