Regulation, recognition and cell signaling involve the coordinated actions of many players.
To achieve this coordination, each participant must have a valid identification (ID) that is …

Recent clinical trials using antibodies with low toxicity and high efficiency have raised
expectations for the development of next-generation protein therapeutics. However, the …

The interface between antibody and antigen is often depicted as a lock and key, suggesting
that an antibody surface can accommodate only one antigen. Here, we describe an antibody …

The'lock and key'hypothesis of antigen–antibody interaction has long dominated
immunological thinking. However, studies demonstrating the existence of a large number of …

HIV-1 mucosal transmission begins with virus or virus-infected cells moving through mucus
across mucosal epithelium to infect CD4+ T cells. Although broadly neutralizing antibodies …

The hierarchical system of recognition in nature is based on interaction between the
smallest elements in a matrix such as molecules and the cumulative interactions of larger …

The approximately linear scaling of fluorescence quantum yield (ϕ) with fluorescence
lifetime (τ) in fluorescent proteins (FPs) has inspired engineering of brighter fluorophores …

The concept of antibody specificity is analyzed and shown to reside in the ability of an
antibody to discriminate between two antigens. Initially antibody specificity was attributed to …

Noncovalent binding interactions between proteins are the central physicochemical
phenomenon underlying biological signaling and functional control on the molecular level …

Antibodies are essential components of adaptive immunity. A typical antibody repertoire
comprises an enormous diversity of antigen-binding specificities, which are generated by …