The pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is based on the innate
and adaptive inflammatory immune response to the inhalation of toxic particles and gases …

After more than two decades of research into phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors,
roflumilast (3-cyclopropylmethoxy-4-difluoromethoxy-N-[3, 5-di-chloropyrid-4-yl]-benzamide) …

Background Socioeconomic adversity in early life has been hypothesized to “program” a
vulnerable phenotype with exaggerated inflammatory responses, so increasing the risk of …

ContextThe evidence that inflammation is an important pathway in age-related macular
degeneration (AMD) is growing. Recent case-control studies demonstrated an association …

Rationale: Although involuntary exposure to maternal smoking during the in utero period
and to secondhand smoke are associated with occurrence of childhood asthma, few studies …

Background: The purpose of this review is to describe the current understanding of the
prevalence and adverse effects of cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke (SHS) in …

Background Cigarette smoke causes both acute and chronic changes of the immune
system. Excluding recent smoking is therefore important in clinical studies with chronic …

The aim of this systematic review was to answer the focused question,“Is there an
association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and alcohol, caffeine or tobacco use?” …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex chronic inflammatory disease
involving a wide variety of cells and inflammatory mediators. The most important etiological …

Background and aims Modern tobacco regulatory science requires an understanding of
which biomarkers of cardiovascular injury are most sensitive to cigarette smoking exposure …