Climatic extremes are becoming increasingly common against a background trend of global
warming. In the oceans, marine heatwaves (MHWs)—discrete periods of anomalously warm …

Blue carbon ecosystems (BCEs), including mangrove forests, seagrass meadows and tidal
marshes, store carbon and provide co-benefits such as coastal protection and fisheries …

Marine foundation species are the biotic basis for many of the world's coastal ecosystems,
providing structural habitat, food, and protection for myriad plants and animals as well as …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

Globally, collapse of ecosystems—potentially irreversible change to ecosystem structure,
composition and function—imperils biodiversity, human health and well‐being. We examine …

Mangrove forests store high amounts of carbon, protect communities from storms, and
support fisheries. Mangroves exist in complex social-ecological systems, hence identifying …

Coastal zones, the world's most densely populated regions, are increasingly threatened by
climate change stressors—rising and warming seas, intensifying storms and droughts, and …

Mangroves have been converted and degraded for decades. Rates of loss have declined
over the past decades, but achieving resilient coastlines requires both conservation and …

Intertidal mangrove forests are a dynamic ecosystem experiencing rapid changes in extent
and habitat quality over geological history, today and into the future. Climate and sea level …

All living things depend on their natural environment, either directly or indirectly, for their
high quality of life, growth, nutrition, and development. Due to the fast emissions of …