Drug addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder that has been characterized by (1)
compulsion to seek and take the drug,(2) loss of control in limiting intake, and (3) emergence …

Drug addiction has been conceptualized as a chronically relapsing disorder of compulsive
drug seeking and taking that progresses through three stages: binge/intoxication …

Drug addiction can be defined by a three-stage cycle–binge/intoxication,
withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation–that involves allostatic changes …

We present a brief overview of the incentive sensitization theory of addiction. This posits that
addiction is caused primarily by drug-induced sensitization in the brain mesocorticolimbic …

Dysregulation of the brain emotional systems that mediate arousal and stress is a key
component of the pathophysiology of drug addiction. Drug addiction is a chronically …

How much, how often and how fast a drug reaches the brain determine the behavioural and
neuroplastic changes associated with the addiction process. Despite the critical nature of …

Research involving animal models of drug addiction can be viewed as a sort of reverse
psychiatry. Contrary to clinicians who seek to treat addicted people to become and remain …

Learned associations between drugs and environment play an important role in addiction
and are thought to be encoded within specific patterns of sparsely distributed neurons called …

Abuse of psychoactive substances can lead to drug addiction. In animals, addiction is best
modeled by drug self-administration paradigms. It has been proposed that the crucial …

BACKGROUND: Rats given extended access to cocaine develop several symptoms of
addiction, including a gradual escalation of drug intake, whereas rats given limited access …