Covering: up to November 2017 Organismic interaction is one of the fundamental principles
for survival in any ecosystem. Today, numerous examples show the interaction between …

Eicosanoid is a collective term for oxygenated metabolites of C20 polyunsaturated fatty
acids. As seen in mammals, eicosanoids play crucial roles in mediating various …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Neuroendocrine-Immune Axis in Health and Disease.”
Stress-induced changes in immune function occur in animals across phyla, and these effects …

This essay reviews the discoveries, synthesis, and biological significance of prostaglandins
(PGs) and other eicosanoids in insect biology. It presents the most current–and growing …

Nodule formation is a process of cellular immunity in insects and other arthropods with open
circulatory systems. Based on histological observations, nodule formation occurs in 2 …

Immunostimulants play an important role in the treatment of immunodeficiency.
Macrophages are the first line in our immune defense system and play a critical role in the …

Intense, short-term stress (ie, robust activation of the fight-or-flight response) typically
produces a transient decline in resistance to disease in animals across phyla. Chemical …

Simple Summary Hyphantria cunea (Drury) is a quarantine pest, due to its extensive host,
leading to serious economic losses in the agricultural and forestry industries. To control this …

After infection or invasion is recognized, biochemical mediators act in signaling insect
immune functions. These include biogenic amines, insect cytokines, eicosanoids, and nitric …

Octopamine (OA) and tyramine (TA) are phenolamines that are synthesised from tyrosine
and are widely distributed in insects. These amines play vital roles as neurotransmitters …