Biological sex differences refer to differences between males and females caused by the sex
chromosome complement (that is, XY or XX), reproductive tissues (that is, the presence of …

The sex of a host affects the intensity, prevalence, and severity of helminth infection. In many
cases, one sex has been found to be more susceptible than the other, with the prevalence …

Multiple studies have reported a male bias in incidence and/or prevalence of malaria
infection in males compared to females. To test the hypothesis that sex-based differences in …

NK cells are innate immune cells implicated in ALS; whether NK cells impact ALS in a sex-
and age-specific manner was investigated. Herein, NK cells were depleted in male and …

Abstract Background Adults infected with Plasmodium spp. in endemic areas need to be re-
evaluated in light of global malaria elimination goals. They potentially undermine malaria …

Inactivated influenza vaccines induce greater antibody responses in females than males
among both humans and mice. To test the breadth of protection, we used recombinant …

Adult females of reproductive age develop greater antibody responses to inactivated
influenza vaccines (IIV) than males. How sex, age, and sex steroid concentrations impact B …

Antibodies against the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) can block
hepatocyte infection by sporozoites and protect against malaria. Needle-free vaccination …

Major depression is a significant medical issue impacting millions of individuals worldwide.
Identifying factors contributing to its manifestation has been a subject of intense investigation …

Active vaccination is an effective therapeutic option to reduce the reinforcing effects of
opioids. Several studies showed that chronic stress affects the immune system decreasing …