Abstract Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) are a global problem for environmental
and human health. They are defined as “an exogenous chemical, or mixture of chemicals …

Heavy metal exist naturally in environment, but due to human and some natural activities
they have been entered to water bodies, air and soil and have become one of the major …

Background Worldwide rising trend in infertility has been observed in the past few years with
male infertility arising as a major problem. One main reason for the rise in male infertility …

Abstract Background Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential toxic heavy metal, an environmental
toxicant, and toxic at a low concentration, and it has no known beneficial role in the human …

Cadmium is an environmental pollutant known as endocrine disruptor. Testis is particularly
susceptible to cadmium, and testis injury occurs at high but even low levels of exposure …

Spermatozoon is a motile cell with a special ability to travel through the woman's
reproductive tract and fertilize an oocyte. To reach and penetrate the oocyte, spermatozoa …

The reproductive performance of most of the species is adversely affected by hazardous
heavy metals like lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, zinc, and copper. Heavy metals are …

Heavy metals are endocrine disruptors which interfere with processes mediated by
endogenous hormones of the organism, negatively affecting endocrine functions. Some …

Background Evidences from human and animal studies suggest that reproductive function
may be affected by mercury. The aim of this review was to explore the mercury influence on …

The substantial harmful effects of tobacco smoking on fertility and reproduction have
become apparent but are not generally appreciated. Tobacco smoke contains more than …