▪ Abstract Virulence factors of pathogenic bacteria (adhesins, toxins, invasins, protein
secretion systems, iron uptake systems, and others) may be encoded by particular regions of …

In this review, we focus on a group of mobile genetic elements designated pathogenicity
islands (PAI). These elements play a pivotal role in the virulence of bacterial pathogens of …

Type III secretion systems (T3SSs) are complex bacterial structures that provide gram-
negative pathogens with a unique virulence mechanism enabling them to inject bacterial …

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are the most abundant white cell in humans and an
essential component of the innate immune system. PMNs are typically the first type of …

The type III secretion system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa transports four known effector
proteins: ExoS, ExoT, ExoU and ExoY. However, the prevalence of the type III secretion …

The genus Pseudomonas consists of more than 120 species that are ubiquitous in moist
environments such as water and soil ecosystems and are pathogenic to animals and …

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes opportunistic infections
in immunocompromised individuals. P. aeruginosa employs a type III secretion system to …

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is a serious complication in patients with cystic fibrosis
and in immunocompromised individuals. Here we show that P. aeruginosa infection triggers …

Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses a type III secretion system to promote development of
severe disease, particularly in patients with impaired immune defenses. While the …

Objective Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a frequent cause of ventilator-associated
pneumonia. Recent evidence suggests that production of type III secretion proteins is …