Despite a growing number of studies featuring “informality” in their title, including many from
the post-socialist region, little has been done to reach a consensus on what informality …

The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has had diverse effects on the population and
businesses. Due to their low visibility, there is a significant knowledge gap for the scientific …

Based on the eclectic theory of entrepreneurship, this article analyzes macro-level
determinants of national rates of formal versus informal entrepreneurship. Our evaluation of …

In recent years, scholars adopting institutional theory have explained the tendency of
entrepreneurs to operate in the informal sector to be a result of the asymmetry between …

Recognizing that enterprises operate at varying levels of informality, this paper evaluates the
determinants of their degree of informality. Reporting a 2012 survey of 300 informal …

Across the world, many earn monetary income that they do not declare to the state for tax,
social security and/or labour law purposes. This work in the shadows is not some minor …

This study examines the impact of women's entrepreneurial income on wellbeing. Women
entrepreneurs (N= 504) from district Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan participated in …

The World Bank's premise that “gender equality is good business” characterizes the current
gender and economic development model. Policymakers and development practitioners …

Does entrepreneurship in a country benefit from trade integration? Moreover, do all types of
entrepreneurs respond the same way to this integration? Specifically focusing on formal and …

Purpose–The purpose of this paper is to evaluate which groups of the self-employed
engage in the informal economy. Until now, self-employed people participating in the …