Background Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) play a pivotal role in controlling typhoid
fever, as it is primarily transmitted through oral-fecal pathways. Given our constrained …

Summary Background Typhoid Fever remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in
low-income settings. The Severe Typhoid in Africa programme was designed to address …

Historically, typhoid control has been achieved with water and sanitation interventions.
Today, in an era of rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR), two World Health Organization …

Abstract Background and Aims The global significance of water, sanitation, and hygiene
(WASH) cannot be overstated, extending far beyond the confines of developing nations and …

Background With more than 1.2 million illnesses and 29,000 deaths in sub-Saharan Africa in
2017, typhoid fever continues to be a major public health problem. Effective control of the …

Background: The Severe Typhoid in Africa program evaluated the burden of symptomatic
typhoid infections and characterized the clinical severity of this disease in six countries …

Typhoid fever remains a major public health concern in less developed countries. The
disease is transmitted through the consumption of food or water contaminated with feces …

The global burden of typhoid fever remains substantial, with an estimated 9· 24 million cases
and 110 000 deaths in 2019, with the majority of these infections and deaths occuring in the …

Background and Aim: Typhoid fever, a significant global health problem, demonstrates a
multifaceted transmission pattern. Knowledge of these factors driving the transmission of the …

Typhoid fever has the highest disease burden in countries in low-and middle-income
countries, primarily located in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Previous typhoid vaccines such …