Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a key cytokine regulating the development,
activation, proliferation, differentiation, and death of T cells. In CD4+ T cells, TGF-β maintains …

Regulatory T cells (TReg cells), a specialized T cell lineage, have a pivotal function in the
control of self tolerance and inflammatory responses. Recent studies have revealed a …

Live regulatory T cells (Treg cells) suppress antitumor immunity, but how Treg cells behave
in the metabolically abnormal tumor microenvironment remains unknown. Here we show …

Changes in metabolism of macrophages are required to sustain macrophage activation in
response to different stimuli. We showed that the cytokine TGF-β (transforming growth factor …

The hallmark of severe COVID-19 is an uncontrolled inflammatory response, resulting from
poorly understood immunological dysfunction. We hypothesized that perturbations in …

Many drugs that target transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signalling have been developed,
some of which have reached Phase III clinical trials for a number of disease applications …

Tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) are recognized as antitumor suppressors, but how
TAMs behave in the hypoxic environment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains …

Tregs not only keep immune responses to autoantigens in check, but also restrain those
directed toward pathogens and the commensal microbiota. Control of peripheral immune …

In immune responses, activated T cells migrate to B-cell follicles and develop into follicular T-
helper (TFH) cells, a recently identified subset of CD4+ T cells specialized in providing help …

Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) share cytokine and transcription factor expression with
CD4+ Th2 cells, but functional diversity of the ILC2 lineage has yet to be fully explored …